Thursday, September 29, 2016

MISSION VENG + THLANG

RUAH BING SUR

THENZAWL, MIZORAM.

SIALSUK LEH THENZAWL INKARA LEIMIN JCB-IN A THIANFAI.

CHAKAI NEITU MIPA NAUPANG

CHAWNGCHILHI PUK, THENZAWL DAI.

REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF PARAMEDICAL AND NURSING SCIENCES MAIN GATE, AIZAWL.

PASALTHA IN BANG

MIZORAM SCIENCE CENTRE, BERAW TLANG, AIZAWL.

MAI LIAN

TUIPUI 'D'

Zokhawsang

Tuesday, September 20, 2016

Deer Park, Thenzawl.

SAIKHAWPUI KEI KA VANGKHUA

Chhaktiang ram dai kan lenna Zotlangsang ah chuan, i zan thiltih chu eng pawh ni se zing i tho chiah anga thawhphan nei lovin i tho fiah fel fai kak mai ang. Mit ek nuai hlawm tur takngial pawh a awm meuh thin lo a ni. Han hawi vel la lapua ang tak tak champo kha Tiau chhum a nih kha, a thianghlimin hmuh a nuam a nia. Mumang min theihnghilh awlsam tirtu leh zing chibai min buktu rinawm a nih kha. Kan tlangram leh tlangbawk nuam pawh hi thliarkar ang maia mawiin a chei Lal huanzawl zingtin peih a ni. Tlang leh tlang inkarah a lo inbangliam hnap a, a inzam paw chiai a; a ropuina tizual turin zing nichhuak engmawi tak chuan a lo chhun rangkachak rawng phut a, chumi hmu thei bik nih chu mihringa pian ve manah chuan hlu tak a ni. I mitmeng te kha mawi thar ta riau hian i inhre rauh rauh mai ang. Han thlir teh, hringfate tana malsawmna thlentu thlai thing par tam tak, a hming i hriatloh leh a hming ringawt i hriat a tak ila hmuhloh nen lam khan thlamuang taka hun i hman theih nan an lo mikhual dawn che a ni. An par tlantu sava chiar nak nak thawm pawh chu i hriat ngaihloh leh hriat phakloh rimawi a nih vang ringawtin i hnualsuat thiang ngawt lovang. Zingkar atangin i tho lungleng nghal der a nih pawhin tu’n an demche ka ringlo. Tum vuau sa a i piang a nih ngawt loh chuan lei hlimna par thinlai ti hlimtu mawina i hmuh hmaih mawlh loh avangin i nui sak ngei ang. PHE tuisem hming ringawt emaw i tih thin, mahse ni si lo kan zotuithiang fim kak khan i hmai han phih teh mah, harh chikimin i harh ngei ang. I hmai phihna tui tho kha chhuanso lova intlak a ni tih i taksa a hriatna thazam awm khan an hre chiang ber ang. Inches khat vela thanbelh turah inngaiin i ngo sawt anga i fai kartluan dawn emaw i ti anih pawhin i thiamloh a awm reng reng lo.

In vangkhawpui a lang phaklo a nih pawhin fimkhur takin khua han chuan zau zel teh, i lunglenna khawp chu i hawichhuak hrim hrim ang, mahse ring herh lo tawk zelin aw. Mizoram hi tlangram a ni tih zirlaibu atang maia hria i nih chuan eng building mahin a hliahloh zoram tlang mawizia a takin i hmu ang. Zofate tana malsawmna thlentu a ni tih i ngaihtuah lo anih pawhin kan Saitlangpui atang ngei hian thawveng takin a lunglen theih a ni tih i tem ang a. Hringnun hi vul thar ta riau leh siam zawh hlim khawvela cheng emaw i inti hial awm e. Mi zawng zawng hi rinngam leh rintlak ni mai hian i hmu anga, i tana hlutna nasa tak nei an ni tih i hmufiah chiang ngei ang. Mi u te lenna chhim khawpui Leitlangpui chu chiang takin a lang inzawm phei put a, kan tan hian alo indah langsar lui ni mai hian a hriat a ni. Hawi phei leh deuh la Mizoram-a tlang sang ber Phawngpui tlang leh a chhehvel tlang hrang hrangin minlo ep un a, hmar chhak lamah tlang hmingthang tak tak Lurh leh Tan tlang te, thlang kan tlakna khawchhak ram Tiau ral thlengin hliahtu reng reng awm lovin chiang takin a lang thei a ni. Hmar lamah Purun tlang te, Lungreng tlang te, Hrangturzo tlang te an lo lang ngir khup bawk a, anmahni avangin kan ropui bik hliah hliah hian a hriat a ni, ve ngawtin.  


I lunglenna hrithla tura lokal i ni emaw hringnun intlansiakna hmanhmawh tak bik bosan duhna vanga lokal pawh ni la, hlawhtling inti takin khua i chhuahsan ngei ang. Khawlai khu luih luih leh thli ro thaw vuk vuk mihringin kan ngeihloh zia a takin i tem anga, ro khawmtur nei silo hian i ro hle anga. Mahse, hetiang tuar kumtluantu nula hmeltha i hmu nual anga mak i ti zawk hial ang. School run bela pheilai vawr nitin thin ngei hi an ni school chawlh remchan apianga fehkawng zawh ngai lanu chu. An hah thin tehlul nen hmuh hmaih theih lovin an hmeltha a, fak loh theih lovin an nalh a ni. Zotuithiang fakna an nih kha, tukloh ramdai kan Chaltlang ngaw dur khup kar atanga tui lo put chhuak meuh chu a thianghlim bik em a ni. Cham hlenlo tur khualtha ni mahla enhranna mitmei i hmachhawn a ngai lova, i len lohna leh i telve a remlohna thil engmah a awm lo. I lo thlen hlimin ngaih pawimawh i ni anga, i cham reiin hlutna nasa tak i nei a ni tih i inhre chiang telh telh ang. Khua i chhuhsan hunah meuh chuan engkawng pawh zawhin engthil pawh ti la, mahni inrintawkna nasa tak nen puitling takin hmachhawn ngai khawvel hi i hmachhawn thei tawh ang.

Kan zotlangsang ilo kal huna i hmuh hmaih hauh loh tur leh tlawh ngei tura kan duhsak pui che tam tak sawi tur a awm a. Hun i neih dan azira i insiamrem thuai thuai loh chuan valdang iangin i tum aia rei i cham anga, chhungte hruai haw ngai khawpin chul theilo kan vangkhaw nuam hi chen chul i tum hlauh dah ange. Cham hlena vul reng turin kan duhlo che a ni lova, keimahni avanga nang meuh i hmingchhiat kan hlau zawk a ni. A nikhat ni atan chuan, Mizo nihna neia khawvela kan chena, zirna ina mizo tawng kan zir chhunga hming dai tawh ngailo tur, hla phuahthiam hmingthang ‘Saikuti’ hmingchawia phuah Saikuti veng-a awm ‘Saitlang Romual’ hi ni se. Hmar lam atanga khawchhung i luh ruala i mit la tak tu, len khawthawn nana tlangpawng mawi remchang tak vengtu an awm rinawm khawpa ral atang pawha fai kha Saitlang Romual chu a ni. A thlawnin i duh hun hunah tlawh phalsak i ni. Saitlang Romual ah chuan, gate atanga luh chiaha veilamah he tlang hi mei mit lovin kum 125 (1884-2009)-lai kan luahlum tawh a ni tih hriatrengna lungphun mawi tak a awm a, kil thum nei anih avangin khaw history leh mi chhuanawmte hming a inziak tlar dul a, i tlawh hma aiin i inngaitlawm zawk anih pawhin min en sang reng reng suh. Keini chuan hmabak nei kan ni tih kan inhria a kan thlen chinah hian lungawi mai kan tum lo a ni. A bul lawk tlangpawng ah chuan ‘Chhaktiang London’ tan mai ni lo, zoram khawvel tana mi ropui Lalsangzuali Sailo hriatrengna atana khaw mipuiin lung an phun a lo ding langsar lurh anga, thla i lakpui hnuah chuan Zofate tana a hlutzia ngaihtuah pahin i ui thu i sawi ngei ang. A chhak tlangdung hmun rem lai deuh ah chuan mi ropui bik an phumna Tianhrang thlan a lo awm anga, chu ngei chu a ni ‘Saikuti Thlan’ chu. Awlsam takin hla a phuah thin a ni mai lova, mawi leh lungrun tak mi rilru hnehthei takin a phuah thiam a ni. A thlan awmna thlang lawkah khan amah ngeiin duh taka thing kak kara lung a zeh, hlu tak a awm bawk a ni. Chawlh hahdam i duh anih chuan a chhak tlangpawngah khian in te sang Saikuti Khawthlir in alo nghak reng che a, chu hmunah chuan zokai thlifim thaw heuh heuhin hahdamna famkim a pe ngei ang che. Saitlang Romuala i kal hmain i camera kha full papin i charge lawk sa thlap dawn nia.    


Zan hun lo thleng leh thin hi rian tizualtu a ni fo thin. Saikhawtlang chhawrhthla eng chu a chiang bik em a, langlo tura hliahtu reng reng a awmlo a ni. Kan lei leh thla inkarah hian dai min dantu an awm hian a hriat loh a. Thingkung hlim pawh fiah kakin lei daiah a lang lunglenthlak hle a. I thinlung nangmaha awm, i chunga thu neitu hnenah chuan fiah takin i lungleng a ni tih a hriattir anga. Khawtlang lunglen nge ka tawrh kar hla di zun ngaih zawk tih i buktawn a ngai ngei ang! Karen a thim ruala thim ve theilo, eng zual zel si-ar hmingthang tak tak i hmu anga. A hming i hriat an awm meuh lo anih pawhin keini chuan kan mi hmasa te avangin si-ar hmingthang hla kan neia, a thluk a mawi bawka kan sa ar ar thei a ni. Zai ngaina khua kan ni a, zai ho na a kut beng bik leh hmui phun ring bik nih pawh inthlahrunna hmun atanga lokal i nih avangin zan lama zai mawi ri i hriat khan engtin emaw tak ilo awm ve ringawt anga. Tu hriatpuiloh khan ilo phur ve em em ringawt mai dawn a ni. Keini chuan kut beng lova hla khat sa zo thei chu a zakzum hle anih loh pawhin a insum thei hle ah kan ngai.

Saikhawpui hi Mizoram chhimchhak lam, Burma ramri depa awm a ni a. Lunglei District chhung; Leitlangpui atanga khawchhak zawn taka awm a ni. Aizawl atanga kal chuan Serchhip, Keitum leh N. Vanlaiphai leilet zawng zawng kal pelin Saikhaw lamtluang zawh zelin far thing ding thelh thup karah ‘Thingsai’ chu ropui takin i lut dawn a ni. Lunglei lam atang chuan Hnahthial, Khawhri leh Tarpho kaltlangin ramri kawnah Aizawl lam atanga kawng lokal nen insuih zawmin Thingsai kan lut thei a ni. Hei chauh hi kan khaw pawhtu kawngpui kan neih chhun a ni a, he kawng hian a pawh ngei dawn a ni tih tanchhana thihsak pawh kan ngam avangin kan zawh kumtluan thin a ni. 

Top of Form
ENG NGE OST?


Tunlai \halai rilru ah chuan OST tih inziak hmuh emaw sawi ri hriat chuan Movie emaw Music Video chhuak thar awm tur ah ngai in Original Sound Track tihna ah kan ngai tlangpui awm e. Tuna kan sawi tur erawh hi chu ngaihthlak theih thil ni lovin ei thei thil Opiod Substitution Therapy/Treatment (OST) chungchang a ni.

Ruihhlo a inchiu \hîn enkawlna (OST Centre) hi India ram ah kum 2007 a\ang khàn din \an a ni a, Mizoram ah chuan May 2009 a\angin tlawmngai pawl enkawlna hnuai ah din \an a ni. Ram pum ah centre 150 chuang awm in, tun dinhmun ah Mizoram ah sawrkar leh tlawmngai pawl enkawl Centre 17 a awm mêk. Centre pakhat hi thawktu 4 (Medical Officer 1, Nurse 1, Counsellor 1 leh Data Manager 1) in an enkawl tura ruahman a ni. Doctor indaih lohna avanga Medical Officer nei lo an awm tih loh chu thawktu post dang hi chu centre tîn ah hnawhkhah a ni.

Opiod Substitution Therapy Centre ah hian National AIDS Control Organisation a\anga dawn Buprenorphine damdawi a thlawn liau liau a semchhuah a ni. Hetiang damdawi hmang hian khawvel ram 80 chuang ah ruihhlo a inchiu \hin te enkawl mêk an ni. He damdawi hi ruihhlo nghei theihna damdawi a ni lo a, nghei thei tura \anpuitu damdawi chauh a ni. Buprenorphine chu ‘Opium a\anga siamchhuah ruihhlo eng pawh (Heroin, morphine adt.)  chhawk thei tu Opium a\anga siam chhuah (danglam) ve tho damdawi tihna a ni.’ Ruihna atana hman damdawi aiin a let 20 – 40 laiin a chak \ha zawk a, 0.2mg, 0.4mg, leh 2mg in a awm hrang thliah a ni.


Kum 1980 bawr chho kha chuan Opium hi thingtlang a cheng hnam chekhnawk ho tih/khawih awm tawk lek ah ngaih a ni a, tun ah chuan khawpui lam ah a darh chang pawh ni lo in a hluar tawh hle zawk a ni. India ram ah hian ruihhlo a inchiu \hin (Injecting Drugs Users) mi 177000 chuang an awm anga chhût a ni. Mizoram hi ‘Golden Triangle’/‘Golden Crescent’ (Opium ching leh tharchhuak tam ram - Northern Thailand, Laos and Myanmar) \henawm kan nih avangin ruihhlo in min rûn nasa êm êm a. Ruihhlo a inchîu \hîn te hi HIV/AIDS thehdarha ti hluar tu langsar zinga pakhat an nih avangin an zinga thapui thawha hmalak hi a \ul hle a ni. Ruihhlo a inchîu \hîn za a 12% (Mizoram) in HIV an vei anga chhut chhuah a ni.

OST damdawi ei/la thei tür hian Opium atanga siamchhuah ruihhlo hmanga inchîu \hîn an ni tür a ni a, zu leh natna dang a chhawk theih loh avangin natna dang damdawi atan an hmang ngai lo. OST Centre-a thawktu te thawh (service pek) ber chu a thlawna damdawi semchhuah a ni. Thawktu ten damdawi an rawt dip sak hnu ah damlo chuan lei hnuai (sublingual) ah a hmuam ral \hin a ni. Buprenorphine hi a mum emaw rawt dip pawh nise dawlh tawp chuan za a 15% chauh in hna a thawk a, lei hnuaia daha hmuam ral hian za a 51% in hna a thawk thung a ni. He damdawi hi damlo taksa ah darkar 24-36 a chhawk/thawk thei a ni

OST Centre a thawktu te tum bulpui ber chu HIV/AIDS kai thar an awm lohna tura hmalak, endawngna, thliarhran leh thinhrìkna tih tlakhniam, natna darh zel tur ven leh HIV/AIDS kaihhnawih natna avanga thihna tih tlêm a ni. Damlo enkawl te hi thla thum dan ah an thisen endik sak \hin an ni. HIV kai theihna – “Invenna tel lo a HIV hrik pâi nena mipat hmeichhiatna hman, HIV hrik pâi nena hriau leh inchiuna hmawnraw thianghlim lo inhman\awm, HIV hrik pâi Nu in a fa ah, HIV hrik pâi thisen thianghlim lo dawn a\ang” tih thu te hi ngun taka hrilh hriat \hin an ni. A \ul dan leh an mamawh hun apiangin counseling neih pui \hin an ni.

‘Ruihhlo a inchiu ngawlvei te hi tihdam harsa tak thluak natna benvawn vei’ tiin OST Centre Medical Officer Dr. Lalhminghlua chuan a sawi. Inchiu bansan hmak a kohhran leh khawtlanga inhmang tur chuan duat takin duhsak hle mah ila mithiam te’n an sawi angin ruihhlo an tih laia (a hma in) nikhata vawi 5+ a inchiu laia OST Centre-a enkawl anih hnu a vawi hnih/khat chauh a lo inchiu palh hlauh anih pawhin HIV/AIDS kai theihna ‘chance’ a tlakhniam duai avangin hmasawnna kawng khat ni ah kan ngai.  

Buprenorphine \hat bikna \henkhat :-
v  Ruihhlo a Inchiu a ngai tawh lo, lei hnuia daha ei anih avangin HIV lak a\angin a him.
v  Dan phalna hnuaia a sem chhuah a ni.
v  A thlawn anih avangin pawisa sen a ngai lo.
v  Ruihhlo tih chakna a ti reh.
v  Suffer a veng, Nikhata vawi 1 ei a tawk.
v  Ruihhlo aiin a thawk rei in a rintlak zawk.
v  Rukruk leh pawikhawihna a tlem.
v  Over-dose a hlauhawm loh, Ceiling effect nei a ni.
v  Doctor-in uluk taka a chawh a ni a, a him bik.
v  Inchhungkhur ah buaina a tlem.
v  Ruihhlo hnathawh a ti tawp a, pan leh pun a tidam awlsam.

Ruihhlo a inchiu \hin ten dam duha damdawi an ei \hin chanchin tlangpui chu kan lo hre ta a, damlo dang ang tho a damlohna avanga damdawi ei an nih avangin an inchiu lai nunhlui bawnra tak tak theihnghilh harsa ti takin kan la entleu reng dawn em ni? Ruihhlo bawih a rei tak lo tang tawh kan \halai duhawm tak tak hian nunkawng dik zawh se kohhran leh khawtlang tan mi \angkai tak ni se kan duh chuan OST Centre-ah kan hruai in enkawlna an dawn hnu pawhin kan \anpui chhunzawm zel dawn lovem ni? Aizawl, Lunglei, Mamit, Champhai, Saiha, Serchhip, Lawngtlai, Kolasib, Darlawn, Lengpui, Thenzawl, Vairengte, Khawzawl-a sawrkar damdawi in leh Society For Community Care (Agape) Durtlang, Samaritan Society of Mizoram Chanmari, SHALOM Lower Zarkawt leh Grace Inn Sikulpuikawn Aizawl ah te hian OST Centre a awm asin.
     



India HIV Estimations 2015 TECHNICAL REPORT tawi

India rama AIDS hrikpâi an hmuhchhuah hmasak ber kum 1986 a\ang khan National AIDS Committee din nghal a ni a, HIV/AIDS hi natna darh awlsam leh hlauhawm tak anih avangin mumal taka do angai a ni tih hria in kum 1992 a\ang khan National AIDS Control Organisation enkawlna hnuaiah National AIDS Control Programme hman \an a ni. NACP-khat hian kum 7 zel a huam a, kum 2016 ah hian NACP-IV kan hmang mèk a ni. National AIDS Control Organisation hi Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare hnuaia awm ni in, April, 2015 (28/04/2015) khan ISO 9001:2008 certificate (certificate no. SQ/ISO 9001/676) an dawng/hmu bawk.

National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India chuan India ram HIV vei dinhmun mipui hriat ah a puangzar \hin a. Kum 1998 a\ang khan HIV Estimations hi India ram ah neih \an a ni a, India HIV Estimations 2015 tihchhuah hi a thar ber a ni. Kum 2015 HIV Estimations hian kan ram (India) dinhmun, States leh Union Territories-a HIV hluar/tam dan, HIV vei awm zat, HIV kai thar zat, AIDS kaihhnawih avanga boral zat leh enkawlna mamawh zat chiang takin a tarlang a ni.

Puitling zinga HIV hluar/tam dan : Kum 2015 ah khan India ram a puitling (Kum 15 a\anga 49 inkar bîk) za a 0.26% hian HIV an vei anga chhut a ni a. Heng zinga za a 0.30% hi mipa ni in, za a 0.22% hi hmeichhia an ni. India rama district-tin te hi HIV positive tam dan aangin category A,B,C,D-ah hen an ni a, Aizawl leh Champhai district- chu category- A ah awmin Kolasib district chu category- B ah, district dang zawng chu category- C ah an awm a ni.

States leh Union Territories dinhmun : Manipur puitling pungkhawm zînga za a 1.15% in HIV an vei anga chhut a ni a, India ram pumah an sáng ber a. Mizoram in pahnihna dinhmun luah in mipui za a 0.80% in vei anga chhut a ni. Pathumna dinhmun luahtu hi Northeast State tho Nagaland an ni a za a 0.78% in an vei a ni. HIV vei an pung thur thur anga a lan lai hian ram pum huap chuan tlakhniam lam a pan ve hret hret a. Kum 2007-ah za ah 0.34%, Kum 2012-ah za ah 0.28% leh 2015 ah za ah 0.26% in a tlahniam ve tial tial a ni.

PLHIV (people living with HIV) : Kum 2007 khan India ram mipui nuai 22.26 hian HIV hrik an pâi a, kum 2015 ah nuai 21.17 ah a tlahniam hret a. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana state ah HIV hrik pâi an tam ber a - nuai 3.95 awm in, Maharashtra in an dawt a (nuai 3.01), Karnataka pathumna ah awm in nuai 1.99 an ni.

HIV Kai thar zat : Kum 2015 ah khan India ramah HIV kai thar mi 8600 an awm anga chhut a ni. Ram pum huap in HIV kai thar zat hi an thlahniam ve hret hret kumtín a. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur and Odisha State ah chuan 2007-2015 inkar khan kai thar za a 50% emaw a aia tam in an tlahniam a. Mizoram ah chuan kai thar zat dinhmun chu za a 32-47% inkar ah a tlahniam a ni. Chutih rual in Assam, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Sikkim, Tripura leh Uttar Pradesh ah chuan a hma aiin kai thar hmuhchhuah an tam zawk thung a ni.

AIDS kaihhnawih natna avanga boral zat – Kum 2007 a\ang khan AIDS kaihhnawih natna avanga boral hi vanneihthlak takin an tlem tial tial a. Kum 2015 khan India ram pumah mi sangruk za sarih vel AIDS kaihhnawih avanga boral an la awm tho a ni. ART centre-a\anga a thlawn liau liau a damdawi semchhuah anih hnu kum 2004 a\anga kum 2014 thleng khan mihring nunna nuai 4.5 chhanhim/pawihsei sak an ni tawh a ni.

Enkawlna mamawh zat : India ram a HIV vei mi nuai 13.45 hian ART damdawi ei an mamawh a. Heng zinga nuai 12.71 hi puitling an ni a, kum 15 hnuailam mi sangsarih zanga an awm bawk. Kum 2007-ah HIV hrik pâi Nu raipuar sangnga zathum in an pâi mek naute in HIV a kai ve loh nan PPCTC ah in enkawl an mamawh a, kum 2015-ah chuan tlahniam hret in mi sangthum zanga chauh enkawlna mamawh an awm tawh a ni.

HIV/AIDS inkaichhawn theih dan langsar zual te chu – Invenna tel lo a HIV hrik pâi nena mipat hmeichhiatna hman in, HIV hrik pâi nena hriau leh inchiuna hmawnraw thianghlim lo inhman\awmin, HIV hrik pâi Nu in a fa ah, HIV hrik pâi thisen thianghlim lo dawn a\angin.

Tlipna : Ram pum huap anga HIV hrik pai, HIV vei hmuhchhuah thar, AIDS kaihhnawih avanga boral, Enkawlna mamawh zat an tlakhniam tial tial lai hian Mizoram chu HIV/AIDS a pun zel avangin HIV/AIDS hluarna hmun leh ram ti in kan lar a lo \ul ta. Kan nihna leh dinhmun dik tak hi duh lo hle mah ila a chhan leh vang ah state dang mawhpuh tur an awm dér si lo. Mizoram HIV hluar/tam dan, HIV vei awm zat, HIV kai thar zat, AIDS kaihhnawih avanga boral zat leh enkawlna mamawh zat dinhmun tlahniam tial tial thei tur hian Zofa zawng zawng ten tih tur leh tih theih kan nei \heuh a ni. HIV/AIDS kai theih dan kan sawi tak lak a\ang khian kai lo turin inveng fimkhur ila, a vei mek an awm anih pawhin thinhrik in hmusit lo ila, mi pangngai an ni a thisen ah an danglam bik a ni mai a en hran nachhan tur an awm reng reng lo a ni. An natna tawrh hi tawrh hreawm tawk tak anih tawh avangin dam \ha pangngai lak a\anga diriamna an dawng I phal lul lo ang u. Kan tun dinhmun ah hian I lung a awi lo ve ngang anih chuan HIV/AIDS do tur hian I thiam I theih I finna kha I ram leh hnam tan han hmang ve ta che.